GREAT WAR, RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, INDIAN NATIONALISM / Meltem Toksöz; May 12 - 14 - 16

World War I, 1914-1918

Nationalism and imperial rivalry at the hearth of the war

A TOTAL WAR: WHY?

28 Allies (ALLIES) against Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (CENTRAL POWERS)

Beyond armies and borders: Central powers mobilized 21 million, the Allies eventually called 40 million men

Industrial nature of conflict, mobilizing arms & destroying national economies

Consequences

Demise of 4 empires, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Germany

9 new nations, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland

Ending British hegemony, primacy of Europe

UNLEASHING

Indian nationalism, from the 1920s

Turkish independence war, 1919

Bolshevik revolution, 1917

CRISIS

1908, Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed by Austria-Hungary

1911, Italy overtakes today’s Libya

1912-1913 Balkan Wars

Imperial rivalry between Germany and the British Empire, by the 1910s with almost equal industrial output

Nationalism and ethnic, economic, colonial ambitions

1871-1914 escalation of rivalry

Europe with powerful nations: Belgium in 1830, Italy in 1861, Germany in 1871

Still a hotbed of nationalism in Eastern Europe and the Balkans -- the Ottoman empire’s Christians, Austria-Hungary’s Slavic peoples

Germany backing both Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires

Green, Central powers & German Colonies,
Purple, Allied and colonies, yellow neutral

The Fronts of the War

WESTERN FRONT : Along a line between northern France and the English channel

EASTERN (Russian) Front, later including Poland

The DARDANELLES

IMPERIAL RIVALRY IN ASIA, Japan versus China

The Last 2 Years

Stalemate by the end of 1916

Italy entering war as an Allied Force

In 1917 Germany decides on submarine war

April 1917 the US enters the war

Germany driven out of France in October 1918

January 1918 , Wilson’s 14 Points

The Russian Revolution / Meltem Toksöz – May 14, Wednesday

1917 Bolshevik Revolution

1905 Revolution

1917 October Revolution

19th century Russia

Dynastic monarchy under the Romanovs

19th c capitalism developing under the monarchy with the support of a landed aristocracy

Multiethnic, multiconfessional, multilingual empire

1861 emancipation of serfs

1860 railroads & coal, iron & steel industries

1870s repression of peasants -intelligentsia

1876 Land & Freedom Party assasinating the reformer despot Tsar Alexander II

1905

Imperial rivalry with Japan over Korea and Manchuria, 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War

Bloody Sunday Massacre: workers marching to the palace in Petrograd

Unrest: workers

Insurrections: peasants

Demonstrations: students

Mutinies: army and navy

New urban councils: SOVIET and DUMA

Early 1917

Protest across society, strikes, mutinies, demonstrations in St. Petersburg(Petrograd-Leningrad)

February: Protesters march to the palace, TSAR abdicated-- unplanned and incomplete Revolution ending Romanovs

Provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers & Soldiers

Between February and October struggle of the government & the SOVIET

Late 1917

Government refuses what the people most want: ending the war

Promised land reform is also refused, further dissatisfying the peasantry

Lenin: proletariat revolution but under strict discipline and organization

Lenin and Bolsheviks overpowers Russian social Democrat Party

Bolsheviks organize all Soviets: ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS - PEACE LAND BREAD

October 24th, armed insurrection under Trotsky: 10 DAYS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD

OCTOBER REVOLUTION

The Bolshevik Party declares 2 decrees, on peace and on land

Brest-litovsk 1918

“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

No immediate victory - opposition to Bolsheviks

Civil war, 1918-1920 between Red Army and the Whites

Lenin and his demise

1921, end of civil war with 10 million dead and a devastated economy after 7 years of war

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY of Lenin: Market economy and small private business

Bolsheviks continue to argue for a complete revolution, Lenin dies 1924

1928 Stalin triumphs in the party

Indian Nationalism / Meltem Toksöz – May 16, Friday

Mobilizing self-government, Hindus and Muslims

1906 All India Muslim League, joining forces with the National Congress

1905-1911 division and reunion of Bengal

1909 reforms: Indian member in viceroy’s council & Indian provincial representatives

1915 WWI India also at war with Germany

Protests all over India: Rowlatt Acts

1919 Amritsar Massacre

SWARAJ
Gandhi’s Satyagraha

Swaraj : Complete freedom, Tilak only spread after Amritsar Massacre

Satyagraha : Non-cooperation movement based on non-violence (ahimsa), 1920-22

Civil Disobedience Movement Quit India Movement 1930

Salt March & homespun cotton: economic self-sufficiency

1931 Gandhi & British agreement

1937 The India Act: a political compromise

Institutions of self-government: a two chambered legislative body but cabinet under British control

600 princes refused, Muslims feared

Muslim League

Jinnah, a Congress leader

1934 Jinnah leads the Muslim League, declaring that the Congress does not represent Muslims

The idea of Pakistan : land of the pure in Urdu

World War II 1939-1945

India again at war against Germany, promised independence after the war

1946 negotiations to end the war: the Muslim League : A Day of Action

Britain agrees to independence if Indians find a solution

1947 partition of Pakistan and India